Recruitment Facilitation and Spatial Pattern Formation in Soft-Bottom Mussel Beds

Mussels (Mytilus edulis) build massive, spatially complex, biogenic structures that alter the biotic and abiotic environment and provide a variety of ecosystem services. Unlike rocky shores, where mussels can attach to the primary substrate, soft sediments are unsuitable for mussel attachment. We used a simple lattice model, field sampling, and field and laboratory experiments to examine facilitation of recruitment (i.e., preferential larval, juvenile, and adult attachment to mussel biogenic structure) and its role in the development of power-law spatial patterns observed in Maine, USA, soft-bottom mussel beds. The model demonstrated that recruitment facilitation produces power-law spatial structure similar to that in natural beds. Field results provided strong evidence for facilitation of recruitment to other mussels—they do not simply map onto a hard-substrate template of gravel and shell hash. Mussels were spatially decoupled from non-mussel hard substrates to which they can potentially recruit. Recent larval recruits were positively correlated with adult mussels, but not with other hard substrates. Mussels made byssal thread attachments to other mussels in much higher proportions than to other hard substrates. In a field experiment, mussel recruitment was highest to live mussels, followed by mussel shell hash and gravel, with almost no recruitment to muddy sand. In a laboratory experiment, evenly dispersed mussels rapidly self-organized into power-law clusters similar to those observed in nature. Collectively, the results indicate that facilitation of recruitment to existing mussels plays a major role in soft-bottom spatial pattern development. The interaction between large-scale resource availability (hard substrate) and local-scale recruitment facilitation may be responsible for creating complex power-law spatial structure in soft-bottom mussel beds

Supplement 1. Recruitment facilitation model with source code and executable file for readers to use.

<h2>File List</h2><div> <p><a href="Mussel_Recruitment_Model_description_and_source_code_June_2014.txt">Mussel_Recruitment_Model_description_and_source_code_June_2014.txt</a> (MD5: e29281a06751245eda695b7b678b2243)</p> <p><a href="mussel_recruitment_model.exe">mussel_recruitment_model.exe</a> (MD5: 0eee8f1d904aca658f2accbe8b13d636)</p> </div><h2>Description</h2><div> <p>The Recruitment Facilitation Model allows the user to choose from four distinctly paired rules called "Edge" (recruitment facilitation at patch edge), "No Edge" (recruitment at any location), "Growth" (recruitment with bed growth), and "No Growth" (recruitment without bed growth), creating four possible scenarios. If desired, each of the four rules may be applied to a mussel bed where the user can spatially structure the probability of recruitment success, creating four additional scenarios.</p> </div

HUBUNGAN ANTARA DUKUNGAN KELUARGA DENGAN TINGKAT STRES PADA PASIEN KANKER PAYUDARA DI POLIKLINIK BEDAH ONKOLOGI RSUP DR. KARIADI SEMARANG

Kanker payudara sering menyebabkan kematian, gejala fisik, perubahan kondisi tubuh dan menimbulkan efek samping pengobatan, maka sangat berpotensi menimbulkan stres. Keadaan stres ini sangat berpengaruh terhadap sistem kekebalan tubuh. Untuk itu, penderita kanker memerlukan dorongan dan motivasi dari keluarga untuk dapat mengatasi stres yang sedang dialami. Dukungan keluarga mempengaruhi kesehatan dan melindungi seseorang terhadap stres